Botox for Anxiety and Depression

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Research showing the LACK of association of serotonin levels with depression

Wise, Jacqui. “‘No Convincing Evidence’ That Depression Is Caused by Low Serotonin Levels, Say Study Authors.” BMJ, July 19, 2022, o1808. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o1808.

More research about treating depression with botulinum toxin

Al Abdulmohsen, Taleb, and Tillmann H.C. Kruger. “The Contribution of Muscular and Auditory Pathologies to the Symptomatology of Autism.” Medical Hypotheses 77, no. 6 (December 2011): 1038–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2011.08.044.

Alam, Murad, Karen C. Barrett, Robert M. Hodapp, and Kenneth A. Arndt. “Botulinum Toxin and the Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Can Looking Better Make You Feel Happier?” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 58, no. 6 (June 2008): 1061–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2007.10.649.

Bulnes, L. C., P. Mariën, M. Vandekerckhove, and A. Cleeremans. “The Effects of Botulinum Toxin on the Detection of Gradual Changes in Facial Emotion.” Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (August 13, 2019): 11734. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48275-1.

Davis, Joshua Ian, Ann Senghas, Fredric Brandt, and Kevin N. Ochsner. “The Effects of BOTOX Injections on Emotional Experience.” Emotion 10, no. 3 (2010): 433–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018690.

Khademi, Mohammad, Masoumeh Roohaninasab, Azadeh Goodarzi, Farnoosh Seirafianpour, Milad Dodangeh, and Arash Khademi. “The Healing Effects of Facial BOTOX Injection on Symptoms of Depression alongside Its Effects on Beauty Preservation.” Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 20, no. 5 (2021): 1411–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13990.

Kruger, Tillmann H.C., Michelle Magid, and M. Axel Wollmer. “Can Botulinum Toxin Help Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder?” American Journal of Psychiatry 173, no. 9 (September 2016): 940–41. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020174.

Magid, M., E. Finzi, T. Kruger, H. Robertson, B. Keeling, S. Jung, J. Reichenberg, N. Rosenthal, and M. Wollmer. “Treating Depression with Botulinum Toxin: A Pooled Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Pharmacopsychiatry 48, no. 06 (August 7, 2015): 205–10. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1559621.

———. “Treating Depression with Botulinum Toxin: A Pooled Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Pharmacopsychiatry 48, no. 06 (August 7, 2015): 205–10. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1559621.

Marchand-Pauvert, Véronique, Claire Aymard, Louis-Solal Giboin, Federica Dominici, Alessandro Rossi, and Riccardo Mazzocchio. “Beyond Muscular Effects: Depression of Spinal Recurrent Inhibition after Botulinum Neurotoxin A: Recurrent Inhibition after BoNT-A.” The Journal of Physiology 591, no. 4 (February 2013): 1017–29. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.239178.

Moncrieff, Joanna, Ruth E. Cooper, Tom Stockmann, Simone Amendola, Michael P. Hengartner, and Mark A. Horowitz. “The Serotonin Theory of Depression: A Systematic Umbrella Review of the Evidence.” Molecular Psychiatry, July 20, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0.

Wollmer, M. Axel, Michelle Magid, Tillmann H. C. Kruger, and Eric Finzi. “The Use of Botulinum Toxin for Treatment of Depression.” In Botulinum Toxin Therapy, edited by Scott M. Whitcup and Mark Hallett, 263:265–78. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2019_272.

Zamanian, Abbas, Atefeh GHANBARI Jolfaei, and Golnaz Mehran. “Efficacy of Botox versus Placebo for Treatment of Patients with Major Depression,” n.d., 3.

Zhang, Qilin, Wenqi Wu, Yuxin Fan, Yang Li, Jing Liu, Yingying Xu, Caixia Jiang, et al. “The Safety and Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin A on the Treatment of Depression.” Brain and Behavior 11, no. 9 (2021): e2333. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2333.

Research about Off-Label Prescriptions and Why Doctors Cannot Practice Good Medicine Without Writing Them

Moulis, Florence, Geneviève Durrieu, and Maryse Lapeyre-Mestre. “Off-Label and Unlicensed Drug Use in Children Population.” Therapies 73, no. 2 (April 2018): 135–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.therap.2018.02.002.

“‘Off-Label’ and Investigational Use Of Marketed Drugs, Biologics, and Medical Devices Guidance for Institutional Review Boards and Clinical Investigators,” January 1998. https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/label-and-investigational-use-marketed-drugs-biologics-and-medical-devices.

Radley, David C., Stan N. Finkelstein, and Randall S. Stafford. “Off-Label Prescribing Among Office-Based Physicians.” Archives of Internal Medicine 166, no. 9 (May 8, 2006): 1021. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.9.1021.

Van Norman, Gail A. “Off-Label Use vs Off-Label Marketing of Drugs.” JACC: Basic to Translational Science 8, no. 2 (February 27, 2023): 224–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.12.011.

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